Turukkaeans

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This article is about a people of ancient South West Asia. For an African ethnic group sometimes known as the Tukri, see Toucouleur people.

The Turukkaeans were a Bronze and Iron Age people of Zagros Mountains. Their endonym has sometimes been reconstructed as Tukri.

Their race is disputed by historians.Some historians say they are Turkic [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], and another group says that they are İranian.[12]

History[edit]

Middle Bronze[edit]

Even though the date when Kingdom of Turukki was established is unknown,Some estimates says that the establishment year is 2250 BC.[13] Turukku was regarded by the Old Assyrian Empire as a constant threat, during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I (1813-1782 BCE) and his son and successor Ishme-Dagan (1781-1750 BCE). The Turukkaeans were allied to the Land of Ahazum, and they gathered at the town of Ikkallum to face the army of Ishme-Dagan, as Shamshi-Adad wrote in a letter to his other son Yasmah-Adad.

The Turukkaeans were reported to have sacked the city of Mardaman, apparently under Hurrian rule, around the year 1769/68 BCE.[14] Babylon's defeat of Turukku was celebrated in the 37th year of Hammurabi's reign (c. 1773 BCE).

A significant early reference to them is an inscription by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, (r. circa 1792 – c. 1752 BCE) that mentions a kingdom named Tukriš (UET I l. 46, iii–iv, 1–4), alongside Gutium, Subartu and another name that is usually reconstructed as Elam. Other texts from the same period refer to the kingdom as Tukru.

Iron Age[edit]

By the early part of the 1st millennium BCE, names such as Turukkum, Turukku and ti-ru-ki-i are being used for the same region. In a broader sense, names such as Turukkaean been used in a generic sense to mean "mountain people" or "highlanders".

A map of Mesopotamia and south-western Iran during the 2nd Millennium BCE. The Tukri are generally believed to have been located immediately north of Lullubi (top centre of the map) during this period.

Tukru or Turukkum was said to have spanned the north-east edge of Mesopotamia and an adjoining part of the Zagros Mountains. In particular, they were associated with the Lake Urmia basin and the valleys of the north-east Zagros. They were therefore located north of ancient Lullubi, and at least one Neo-Assyrian (9th to 7th centuries BCE) text refers to the whole area and its peoples as "Lullubi-Turukki" (VAT 8006).

Their Race[edit]

The race of Turukkaeans is disputed. The most common guesses are:

Hurrians[edit]

Some scholars believe they may have been Hurrian-speaking or subject to a Hurrian elite.According to the Jørgen læssøe, they are an Hurrian people[15] But we should not forget that Turukkaeans sacked Madraman, a hurrian city.

Iranian[edit]

Even though there is not any sources that says Turukkaeans are Iranian, some of them think they are.[12]The fact that they live near Iran strengthens this claim.

Turkic People[edit]

There's a lot of sources that says Turukkaeans are a Turkic[5][3][4] Tribe.According to German orientalist Fritz Hommel,the Turukkaeans are Turk.[2] Famous historian Sjur Papazian also says Turukkaeans were a Turkic tribe[1].A Turkish historian O. Ünal says that Turukkaeans are Turkic in his book which he researched Hurrian Language.[9] Azerbaijani historian Yusif Yusifov also approves that.

French historians also agreed with Turkicness of Turukkaeans. [16]


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See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Turkic Peoples-Name etymology "...Turukkaeans (Turukkum, Turukku) were an ancient near eastern people in the northern parts of Mesopotamia..."
  2. ^ a b Fritz Hommel- Gestichichte Babyloniens und Assyriens,2016.
  3. ^ a b Азярбайжан Милли Елмляр Академийасы Ялйазмалар Институту вя «Елм вя тящсил» няшриййаты - Филолоэийа мясяляляри No. 8. Бакы – 2013. ISSN 2224-9257. p.6-13.
  4. ^ a b Казымов Г.Ш. Мцасир Азярбайъан дили. Морфолоэийа. Бакы, «Нурлан», 2010. p.4-6
  5. ^ a b Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, Türk dünyası araştırmaları, 2004, page 35: Kuzey Mezopotamya'da Yafes soyundan kalan küçük bir kısım Türk kavmi, yani Gutium veya Turukkular ise zamanla ya millî ...
  6. ^ Meydan,Sinan.Türklerin Saklı Tarihi.İnkılap Yayınevi.
  7. ^ A. Akif Poroy,Ön-Türkler.Bilge Karınca Yayınları
  8. ^ BEYER, D.- D. Charpin, 1990, “Le sceau de Zaziya, roi des Turukkéens,” MARI 6, Paris p. 625-628.
  9. ^ a b ÜNAL, O . "‘Sözde Karca’ Kelimelerin Kökeni ve Türkçedeki Hurri-Urartuca Leksikal Alıntılar Üzerine". Türkbilig (2017 ):p.25-68
  10. ^ Q. Qeybullayev – Azerbaycan türklerinin teşekkül tarixinden, Bakı, 1994
  11. ^ F. Celilov – Azer xalqı, II nüşri Bakı, 2006
  12. ^ a b Turukkular Kimdir? "...Imaginative historians who defend the Sun-Language Theory introduce the Turukku as the Turkish Kingdom due to the similarity of names, but only they believe this. When you do research from any foreign source, you will see that the Turukku are a Hurrian tribe speaking an Indo-European language."
  13. ^ Azerbaycan'da Kurulan Antik Türk devleti Turukkiler "...As a result of the excavations carried out by French scholars in Azerbaijan and Anatolia, it was found in the west of the Euphrates River near the current Iraq-Syria border, About 2250 B. C. old mari archives were discovered..."
  14. ^ Pfälzner, Peter, (2018). "Keilschrifttafeln von Bassetki lüften Geheimnis um Königsstadt Mardaman". uni-tuebingen.de. University of Tubingen.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Læssøe, Jørgen (2014-10-24). People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence. Routledge. ISBN 9781317602613.
  16. ^ revue des etudes sud-est europeennes>>>"The name 'Turk' in Mari Texts" "B. The Landsberger's thesis is confirmed by the fact that in 1800 B.C. name of Turuk (Türk) was mentioned in several times in the tablets discovered in the Mari excavation."

Bibliography[edit]

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