Talk:Slave trade in the Mongol Empire

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✠ SunDawn ✠ (contact) 04:03, 24 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]

There are several issues with misreading sources and other mistakes in the article.
Korean is spelled as Corean and there are other spelling and grammar errors.
The edit says "In contrast to other slave markets in the Empire, however, Chinese buyers primarily preferred Chinese slaves.".
This isn't what the source says though, the source doesn't say anything about preference.
The edit says "There were consequently no big import of slaves to China, but Chinese were popular as slaves abroad, and the Mongols therefore maintained an export of Chinese slaves to foreign market. The Mongols exported Chinese people as slaves to Mongolia and to the Muslim world after the conquest of Jin China in 1211-1234, "
Biran says this of northern Chinese, not Chinese, after the Mongol conquest of Jin. Michal Brian solely relies on the word of Juvayni, a Muslim historian who claims that Ogedei said Muslims owned Khitayan slaves but Khitayans didn't own Muslim slaves (that statement only appears in Juvayni's work and not any Mongol sources). Putting aside Juvayni's bias and that Biran cited him, the term he used was Khitayan (northern Chinese) as Biran stated is not an ethnicitiy, Khitayan encompassed Khitan, Jurchens, Tanguts and northern Han Chinese who lived in the Jin and Western Xia). Biran himself emphasises in the footnote to that statement that it was Khitan slaves who were highly popular in Muslim Iran and Central Asia because they were famed for their beauty. Biran also says it was male slaves (ghulams) from China and Mongol Central Asia going to Iran, noting that male Turkic military slaves were brought to Delhi as soldiers. Biran also doesn't say Mongols did the exporting, but that their campaigns affected the flow of slaves.
On page 88, Biran puts "Chinese" (Khitai) in quotes when talking about slaves in the eastern Islamic world, since he is referring to Khitai which in Muslim sources included Jurchens, Khitans, Tanguts, and not only Han Chinese
Its misleading not to clarify what Khitai refers to.
Muslim writer Juvayni refers to Khitayan slaves in his work which are referring to ethnic Khitan under Buraq Hajib, a Khitan with a Khitan army. In this case none of the "Khitayan" are Han Chinese.
Don J Wyatt and Michael Biran in the same book also mention that Mongols became slaves to Han Chinese.
Mongols brought Muslims as slaves with them to China.[1]
Mongols in China during the Yuan dynasty themselves became "victims of destitution enslavement" and sold their own daughters and sons as slaves to their Han Chinese subjects due to having no money from the time of Kublai Khan in 1290 to Shiedebala who died in 1323.[2] Kublai himself had to issue a decree to stop Muslims in India from buying Mongol women and men as slaves from Yuan China in 1291.[3][4]>88thD (talk) 23:00, 31 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]
==Slave market ==
See also: History of slavery in the Muslim world, History of concubinage in the Muslim world, Islamic views on concubinage, Ma malakat aymanukum, Qiyan, Jarya, and Abd (Arabic)
The far reaching slave trade network of the Empire made it possible to distribute different categories of slaves to the parts of the world where they could be sold for the highest profit.
The slave markets in different parts of the world had different demands and were in need of different categories of slaves, which was a factor the slave trade of the Empire was able to adjust to.
There were three main factors to consider in order to distribute the slaves to the correct slave market for the highest profit.
The first factor was the religious factor; neither Christians nor Muslims bought slaves of their own religion, which made it necessary to traffic slaves across religious borders and sell Christian slaves to Muslims and Muslim slaves to Christians.[5]
The second factor was military slavery, which constituted a massive market for male slaves to the Muslim world.[5]
The third factor to consider was the ethnic or racial factor. Different races were preferred for different purposes in different parts of the world, such as for example Turkish men who were preferred as slave soldiers in the Middle east; Tartars who were popular as house slaves in Italy, and Korean girls who were popular as concubines in China.[5]
===China ===
See also: Slavery in China
The slave market was traditionally limited in China, were slavery did not play a big role. Since the large free Chinese peasant population were obligated to perform the hard labor work commanded by the ruling elites, there were less need for large scale slavery in China.
There were nevertheless a market for skilled slaves and luxury slaves in China, in addition to the slaves owned by the government, performing task within state institutions. These were skilled artisans and craftsmen, and girls used as concubine sex slaves; there was a preference for concubines for Korean ethnicity in Mongol Yuan China.[6]
The Mongols took over the state owned government slaves of the Jin dynasty after the conquest of northern China. A large part of the slaves that did exist in China were government slaves - divided in to military, civil and government categories - which were used for a number of tasks, such as to populate state military colonies (tuntian), as agriculture laborers and in state institutions such as brew houses, and as state artistans.[7]
The minority of foreign slaves sold in the Chinese slave market were primarily kipchak Turks, European Rus people and Koreans, and the Kipchaks and Rus were already inside Yuan.[8]
Chinese buyers mostly bought Chinese slaves.[9] There were an established custom in China to enslave criminals and rebels, [10] as well as impoverished or indebted people selling themselwes or their children in to slavery.[11]
Biran claims Khitayan (northern Chinese) were exported as slaves to Mongolia and to the Muslim world after the conquest of Jin China in 1211-1234, on the basis of the Muslim Juvayni claiming Muslims owned Khitayan slaves. Khitayan referred to multiple ethnicities from northern China in the Jin dynasty, including Tanguts, Khitans, Jurchens, besides northern Han.[12] and an active export of slaves from the Yuan was ongoing until the 1330s. In the early 14th century, Mongol ruled Iran imported male slaves (ghulam) from Mongol Central Asia and Yuan China.[13] Juvayni claims that Muslims under Shuja ad-din Abul Qasim in Kerman, Iran, fought against the Khitan Buraq Hajib from Qara Khitai and to try to seize the Khitayan (Khitan) as slaves, but were defeated by the Khitayans.[14]
The Mongols sent Khitans, Tanguts and northern Han to farm in Central Asia during Genghis while during Kublai they moved southern Han to northwards. The Yuan scholar Song Zichen estimated that the slaves distributed to the ownership of the military leaders, dignitaries and Mongol princes in northern China constituted half of the population in Northern China after the conquest of Jin dynasty, but he was most likely including non-slave population of the territorial appanages in his estimate, and appanages were also given to Mongol women.[15] Han warlords known as hereditary vassals who sided with the Mongols were also granted fiefs (appanages).[16][17]
Mongols brought Muslims as slaves with them to China.[18]
Mongols in China during the Yuan dynasty themselves became "victims of destitution enslavement" and sold their own daughters and sons as slaves to their Han Chinese subjects due to having no money from the time of Kublai Khan in 1290 to Shiedebala in 1323.[19][20][21] 88thD (talk) 23:00, 31 May 2024 (UTC)[reply]
  1. ^ Liu, Yingsheng (2008). The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3447058099.
  2. ^ Wyatt, Don J (2021). Slavery and Bonded Labor in Asia, 1250–1900. BRILL. p. 121. ISBN 9004469656.
  3. ^ Wyatt, Don J (2021). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. ISBN 1009158988.
  4. ^ Biran, Michal (2021). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 1009158988.
  5. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Cambridge 88 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 88
  7. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 93
  8. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 90
  9. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 90
  10. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 86
  11. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 87
  12. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 86-89
  13. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 90
  14. ^ Juvayni, Ata Malik (1958). Boyle, John Andrew (ed.). The History Of The World Conqueror Vol II. Harvard University Press. p. 477.
  15. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420. (2021). Storbritannien: Cambridge University Press. p. 82
  16. ^ Hsiao, C C (1993). In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 34. ISBN 3447033398.
  17. ^ Wang, Jinping (2020). In the Wake of the Mongols: The Making of a New Social Order in North China, 1200–1600. BRILL. p. 19. ISBN 1684171008.
  18. ^ Liu, Yingsheng (2008). The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 3447058099.
  19. ^ Wyatt, Don J (2021). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. ISBN 1009158988.
  20. ^ Biran, Michal (2021). The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. ISBN 1009158988.
  21. ^ Wyatt, Don J (2021). Slavery and Bonded Labor in Asia, 1250–1900. BRILL. p. 121. ISBN 9004469656.
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