List of Hittite kings

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Tudḫaliya IV of the New Kingdom, r. c. 1245–1215 BC.[1]

The dating and sequence of the Hittite kings is compiled from fragmentary records, supplemented by the recent find in Hattusa of a cache of more than 3,500 seal impressions giving names and titles and genealogy of Hittite kings. All dates given here are approximate, relying on synchronisms with known chronologies for neighbouring countries and Egypt.

All reign lengths are approximate. The list uses the middle chronology, the most generally accepted chronology of the Ancient Near East and the chronology that accords best with Hittite evidence.[2]

Old kingdom (c. 1650 – c. 1500 BC)[edit]

Ruler Reign (MC)[1][3] Lineage and notes
Labarna c. 1680 – c. 1650 BC [4] [5] Traditional founder of the royal line; son or son-in-law of Ḫuzziya; existence disputed.[1]
Ḫattušili I[a] c. 1650 – c. 1620 BC [7] Nephew of the wife of Labarna I[6]
Muršili I c. 1620 – c. 1590 BC [8] Grandson of Ḫattušili I.[6] Sacked Babylon c. 1595 BC.[1][9]
Ḫantili I c. 1590 – c. 1560 BC [10] Brother-in-law of Muršili I[6]
Zidanta I c. 1560 – c. 1550 BC [11] Son-in-law of Ḫantili I[6]
Ammuna c. 1550 – c. 1530 BC [12] Son of Zidanta I[6]
Ḫuzziya I c. 1530 – c. 1525 BC [13] Son of Ammuna (?)[6]
Telipinu c. 1525 – c. 1500 BC [14] Brother-in-law of Ḫuzziya I[6]

Middle kingdom (c. 1500 – c. 1465 BC)[edit]

Ruler Reign (MC)[1] [15] Lineage and notes
Alluwamna c. 1500 BC [16] Son-in-law of Telipinu[6]
Taḫurwaili c. 1500 – c. 1490 BC [17] Cousin of Telipinu[18]
Ḫantili II c. 1490 – c. 1480 BC [19] Son of Alluwamna[6]
Zidanta II[b] c. 1480 – c. 1470 BC [20] Nephew of Ḫantili II (?) [6]
Ḫuzziya II c. 1470 – c. 1465 BC [21] Unclear lineage[6]
Muwatalli I c. 1465 – c. 1465 BC [22] Unclear lineage[6]

New kingdom (c. 1465 – c. 1190 BC)[edit]

Ruler Reign (MC)[1][23] Lineage and notes
Tudḫaliya I c. 1465 – c. 1440 BC Son of Kantuzzili, descendant of Zidanta II (?) [24] Identity disputed (= Tudḫaliya II ?) [25]
Ḫattušili II c. 1440 – c. 1425 BC Son of Tudḫaliya I (?) [26] Existence disputed[27]
Tudḫaliya II c. 1425 – c. 1390 BC Son of Ḫattušili II (?) [28] Identity disputed (= Tudḫaliya I ?) [29]
Arnuwanda I c. 1390 – c. 1380 BC Adopted son and son-in-law of Tudḫaliya II[6]
Tudḫaliya III[c] c. 1380 – c. 1350 BC Son of Arnuwanda I[6]
Tudḫaliya the Younger (?) c. 1350 BC Son of Tudḫaliya III. Rule disputed.
Šuppiluliuma I c. 1350 – c. 1322 BC Adopted son and son-in-law of Tudḫaliya III[30][6] Expanded the empire. Mentioned in the Amarna letters.[31]
Arnuwanda II c. 1322 – c. 1321 BC Son of Šuppiluliuma I[6]
Muršili II c. 1321 – c. 1295 BC Son of Šuppiluliuma I[6]
Muwatalli II[d] c. 1295 – c. 1272 BC Son of Muršili II[6] Fought at the Battle of Kadesh.
Muršili III[e] c. 1272 – c. 1267 BC Son of Muwatalli II[6]
Ḫattušili III c. 1267 – c. 1237 BC Son of Muršili II[6] Signatory of the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty.
Tudḫaliya IV[f] c. 1237 – c. 1209 BC Son of Ḫattušili III[6] Fought at the Battle of Nihriya.
Arnuwanda III c. 1209 – c. 1207 BC Son of Tudḫaliya IV[6]
Šuppiluliuma II[g] c. 1209 – c. 1190/1185 BC[1][32][33] Son of Tudḫaliya IV[6] Last known king before the Late Bronze Age collapse and end of the kingdom.

See also[edit]

  • List of Neo-Hittite kings, for the rulers of the Neo-Hittite states, some of whom were direct descendants of the Hittite kings
    • The rulers of Carchemish in particular presented themselves as successors of the Hittite kings and ruled in northern Syria until defeated by the Assyrians in 717 BC.
  • History of the Hittites
  • Tawananna, for Hittite queens

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Also known as Labarna II.[6]
  2. ^ Also known as Zidanza.[6]
  3. ^ Also known as Tašmišarri.[6]
  4. ^ Also known as Šarri-Teššub.[6]
  5. ^ Also known as Urhi-Teššub.[6]
  6. ^ Also known as Tašmi-Šarruma.[6]
  7. ^ Also known as Šuppiluliama.[6]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Kuhrt, Amélie (2020). The Ancient Near East: c.3000–330 BC, Volume One. Routledge. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-136-75548-4.
  2. ^ Steadman, Sharon R.; McMahon, Gregory (2011). The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia. Oxford University Press. p. 598. ISBN 978-0-19-970447-7.
  3. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 49, 59, 107, 123, 126, 133 give this period as c. 1650–c. 1530 BC.
  4. ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin, (2020). "The Authorship of the Old Hittite Palace Chronicle (CTH 8): A Case for Anitta", in Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Volume 72 (2020): "...Recently, Forlanini proposed that the text's author was not Muršili I but rather Ḫattušili I, who tells about the times of his predecessor Labarna I (ca. 1680(?)–1650 BCE)..."
  5. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 49 give this reign as c. 1650–c. 1625 BC.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Bilgin, Tayfun (2018). Officials and Administration in the Hittite World. Walter de Gruyter. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-5015-0977-3.
  7. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 59 give this reign as c. 1625–c. 1600 BC.
  8. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 107 give this reign as c. 1600–c. 1585 BC.
  9. ^ Kuhrt, A. (1997). Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC. London: Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-415-16763-5.
  10. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 123 give this reign as c. 1585–c. 1570 BC.
  11. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 127, 160 give this reign as c. 1570–c. 1565 BC.
  12. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 127, 160 give this reign as c. 1565–c. 1550 BC.
  13. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 127, 133, 160 give this reign as c. 1550 BC.
  14. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 127, 133, 160 give this reign as c. 1550–c. 1530 BC.
  15. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 160, 166 give this period as c. 1530–c. 1465 BC.
  16. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 160 give this reign as c. 1530–c. 1515 BC.
  17. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 160 give this reign as c. 1505–c. 1500 BC.
  18. ^ Birgit Brandau, Hartmut Schickert: Hethiter Die unbekannte Weltmacht
  19. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 160 give this reign as c. 1515–c. 1505 BC.
  20. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 166 give this reign (with Ḫuzziya II's) as c. 1500–c. 1470 BC.
  21. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 166 give this reign (with Zidanta II's) as c. 1500–c. 1470 BC.
  22. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Des origins à la fin de l’ancient royaume hittite, Paris, 2007: 166 give this reign as c. 1470–c. 1465 BC.
  23. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 311; Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, 2005: xv.
  24. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 311; Amélie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC, vol. 1, London, 1995: 230.
  25. ^ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, 2005: 122-123.
  26. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 311; Amélie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC, vol. 1, London, 1995: 230.
  27. ^ Bryce, Trevor; Bryce, Trevor Robert (2012-03-15). "Appendix III: The Kings of Late Bronze Age Hatti". The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-921872-1.
  28. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 311; Amélie Kuhrt, The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC, vol. 1, London, 1995: 230.
  29. ^ Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, 2005: 122-123.
  30. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 200-201.
  31. ^ Cohen, Raymond; Westbrook, Raymond (2002). Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations. JHU Press. pp. xv. ISBN 978-0-8018-7103-0.
  32. ^ Drews, Robert (1994). The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. Princeton University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-691-02951-1.
  33. ^ Jacques Freu and Michel Mazoyer, Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite, Paris, 2007: 311; Trevor Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites, Oxford, 2005: xv.
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