Green500

The Green500 is a biannual ranking of supercomputers, from the TOP500 list of supercomputers, in terms of energy efficiency.^[1]^[2] The list measures performance per watt using the TOP500 measure of high performance LINPACK benchmarks at double-precision floating-point format.

In 2022, Hewlett Packard Enterprise took the lead (then later in Nov. 2022 Lenovo took the lead, though with a much smaller Nvidia based system), with AMD-based systems (AMD CPUs and AMD GPUs) in the 4 top positions, with the top position over 50% more efficient than the previous year (Japanese) top position. And number two on the list (the current fastest on TOP500) is also over 50% more efficient than the currently most efficient (and much smaller) Nvidia-based system. No large Nvidia-based system make the top 10 positions of Graph500 (smaller ones in 7th to 10th, nor any longer any (small or large) ARM-based (Fugaku was at the top of the list in June 2021).

History[edit]

As of November 2012^[update], an Appro International, Inc. Xtreme-X supercomputer (Beacon) topped the Green500 list with 2.499 LINPACK GFLOPS/W.^[3] Beacon is deployed by NICS of the University of Tennessee and is a GreenBlade GB824M, Xeon E5-2670 based, eight cores (8C), 2.6 GHz, Infiniband FDR, Intel Xeon Phi 5110P computer.^[4]

As of June 2013^[update], the Eurotech supercomputer Eurora at Cineca topped the Green500 list with 3.208 LINPACK GFLOPS/W.^[5] The Cineca Eurora supercomputer is equipped with two Intel Xeon E5-2687W CPUs and two PCI-e connected NVIDIA Tesla K20 accelerators per node. Water cooling and electronics design allows for very high densities to be reached with a peak performance of 350 TFLOPS per rack.^[6]

As of November 2014^[update], the L-CSC supercomputer of the Helmholtz Association at the GSI in Darmstadt Germany topped the Green500 list with 5.271 GFLOPS/W and was the first cluster to surpass an efficiency of 5 GFLOPS/W. It runs on Intel Xeon E5-2690 Processors with the Intel Ivy Bridge Architecture and AMD FirePro S9150 GPU Accelerators. It uses in rack watercooling and Cooling Towers to reduce the energy required for cooling.^[7]

As of August 2015^[update], the Shoubu supercomputer of RIKEN outside Tokyo Japan topped the Green500 list with 7.032 GFLOPS/W. The then-top three supercomputers of the list used PEZY-SC accelerators (GPU-like that use OpenCL)^[8] by PEZY Computing with 1,024 cores each and 6–7 GFLOPS/W efficiency.^[9]^[10]

As of June 2019^[update], DGX SaturnV Volta, using "NVIDIA DGX-1 Volta36, Xeon E5-2698v4 20C 2.2GHz, Infiniband EDR, NVIDIA Tesla V100", tops Green500 list with 15.113 GFLOPS/W, while ranked only 469th on Top500.^[11] It is only slightly more efficient than the much larger Summit (which ranked 2nd while 1st on Top500 with 14.719 GFLOPS/W), using IBM POWER9 CPUs combined with Nvidia Tesla V100 GPUs.

Green 500 List[edit]

Top 10 positions of GREEN500 in June 2024^[12]
Rank	Performance per watt ^{(GFLOPS/watt)}	Name	Model Processors, GPU, Interconnect	Vendor	Site Country, year	Rmax ^(PFLOPS)
1	72.733	JEDI	BullSequana XH3000 Grace Hopper Superchip (72C) 3GHz, Nvidia GH200 Superchip, Quad-Rail NVIDIA, InfiniBand NDR200,	ParTec/EVIDEN (ex-Atos)	EuroHPC/FZJ, Germany, 2024	4.50
2	68.835	Isambard-AI phase 1	HPE Cray EX254n NVIDIA Grace 72C 3.1GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Slingshot-11	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	University of Bristol, United Kingdom, 2024	7.42
3	66.948	Helios GPU	HPE Cray EX254n NVIDIA Grace 72C 3.1GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Slingshot-11	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	Cyfronet, Poland, 2024	19.14
4	65.396	Henri	Lenovo ThinkSystem SR670 V2 Intel Xeon Platinum 8362 2.8 GHz (32C), Nvidia H100 80 GB PCIe, InfiniBand HDR	Lenovo	Flatiron Institute, United States, 2022	2.88
5	64.381	preAlps	HPE Cray EX254n NVIDIA Grace 72C 3.1GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Slingshot-11	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS), Switzerland, 2024	15.47
6	62.964	HoreKa-Teal	ThinkSystem SD665-N V3 AMD EPYC 9354 32C 3.25GHz, Nvidia H100 94Gb SXM5, Infiniband NDR200	Lenovo	Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany, 2024	3.12
7	62.684	Frontier TDS	HPE Cray EX235a AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2 GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	OE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States, 2022	19.20
8	59.287	Venado	HPE Cray EX254n NVIDIA Grace 72C 3.1GHz, NVIDIA GH200 Superchip, Slingshot-11	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	DOE/NNSA/LANL, United States, 2024	98.51
9	58.021	Adastra	HPE Cray EX235a AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2 GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif - Centre Informatique National de l'Enseignement Superieur (GENCI-CINES), France, 2022	46.10
10	56.983	Setonix – GPU	HPE Cray EX235a AMD Optimized 3rd Generation EPYC 64C 2 GHz, AMD Instinct MI250X, Slingshot-11	Hewlett Packard Enterprise	Pawsey Supercomputing Centre, Australia, 2022	27.16

Historical development[edit]

Energy efficiency of top-ranked computers (gigaflops/watt)

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2013

2014

2015

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2021

2022

2023

2024

References[edit]

^ "The Green500". Archived from the original on 2016-06-20.
^ "Green 500 list ranks supercomputers". iTnews Australia. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22.
^ "University of Tennessee Supercomputer Sets World Record for Energy Efficiency". National Institute for Computational Sciences News. University of Tennessee & Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ "Beacon - Appro GreenBlade - Green500 list". top500.org. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
^ "Eurotech Eurora, the PRACE prototype deployed by Cineca and INFN, scores first in Green500 list". Cineca. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
^ "Eurora - Aurora Tigon - Top500 list". top500.org. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
^ "The Green500 List - November 2014". Archived from the original on 2015-02-22.
^ Hindriksen, Vincent (2015-08-02). "The knowns and unknowns of the PEZY-SC accelerator at RIKEN". StreamHPC. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
^ Tiffany, Tiffany (August 4, 2015). "Japan Takes Top Three Spots on Green500 List". HPCWire. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
^ "PEZY & ExaScaler Step Up on the Green500 List with Immersive Cooling". InsideHPC. September 23, 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
^ "June 2019 | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites". www.top500.org. Retrieved 2019-08-12.
^ "JUNE 2024". www.top500.org. Retrieved 2024-06-03.

[1] "The Green500". Archived from the original on 2016-06-20.

[2] "Green 500 list ranks supercomputers". iTnews Australia. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22.

[nics_green500-3] "University of Tennessee Supercomputer Sets World Record for Energy Efficiency". National Institute for Computational Sciences News. University of Tennessee & Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved 21 November 2012.

[top_green500-4] "Beacon - Appro GreenBlade - Green500 list". top500.org. Retrieved 21 November 2012.

[Eurotech_Eurora_tops_green_500-5] "Eurotech Eurora, the PRACE prototype deployed by Cineca and INFN, scores first in Green500 list". Cineca. Retrieved 28 June 2013.

[top_green500Aurora-6] "Eurora - Aurora Tigon - Top500 list". top500.org. Retrieved 28 June 2013.

[The_Green500_List_-_November_2014-7] "The Green500 List - November 2014". Archived from the original on 2015-02-22.

[8] Hindriksen, Vincent (2015-08-02). "The knowns and unknowns of the PEZY-SC accelerator at RIKEN". StreamHPC. Retrieved 2019-10-21.

[9] Tiffany, Tiffany (August 4, 2015). "Japan Takes Top Three Spots on Green500 List". HPCWire. Retrieved 8 January 2016.

[10] "PEZY & ExaScaler Step Up on the Green500 List with Immersive Cooling". InsideHPC. September 23, 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2016.

[11] "June 2019 | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites". www.top500.org. Retrieved 2019-08-12.

[12] "JUNE 2024". www.top500.org. Retrieved 2024-06-03.

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